Adaptogens primarily affect homeostasis — the balance of physiological body functions such as circulation, body temperature, blood pH, and others. Chronic stress can disrupt this functional balance. Adaptogens are traditionally associated with supporting and strengthening homeostasis and with increasing the body's resilience to stress factors. Scientists describe what they call an "intuitive intelligence" of adaptogens, which is said to work non-specifically and support increased stress resistance.
Here are some of the main mechanisms through which adaptogens are thought to exert their effects:
Hormonal regulation: Adaptogens are associated with acting on the endocrine (hormonal) system to modulate the release of stress hormones such as cortisol. This is associated with supporting general well-being during everyday stress.
Stress response and the HPA axis: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), which is involved in the stress response, can release excessive amounts of hormones during prolonged stress, throwing the body out of balance. Adaptogens are said to help regulate this axis, reduce excessive adrenal activation, and support the restoration of physical and mental well-being.
Cellular energy production: Some adaptogens are associated with supporting cellular energy production, which is linked to physical and mental stamina. The potential relevance of adaptogens to mitochondrial function and cellular energy supply continues to be researched.
Immune modulation: Adaptogens are associated with influencing the immune system by potentially regulating the activity of immune cells and modulating the production of inflammatory substances. This is associated with supporting general immune well-being.
Neuroprotection: Some research suggests that adaptogens may have neuroprotective properties that support the brain against oxidative stress. Their potential relevance to cognitive function and mental clarity continues to be studied.
Mood regulation: There is evidence that adaptogens may influence neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, which play a role in mood regulation. Serotonin is associated with mood, sleep, appetite, social interactions, and pain perception, and plays a role in emotional well-being. A balanced dopamine level is considered important for mental well-being and cognitive function. As a kind of naturally calming compound, GABA is associated with reducing stress and overstimulation. A balanced GABA system is associated with emotional balance and restful sleep. By potentially influencing these neurotransmitters, adaptogens may contribute to supporting emotional well-being.
The exact mechanisms of action of adaptogens can vary depending on the specific plant or compound. Research on this topic is ongoing, and many aspects are not yet fully understood. Anyone wishing to use adaptogens to support their health should do so in consultation with a qualified doctor or healthcare professional.
Sources:


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240259/


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991026/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445021/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23920279/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16261511/